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Section
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Pathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Liver abnormalities
Other abnormalities
Ascites
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fatty Liver
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Jaundice
Overview of Bilirubin Metabolism
Formation
Plasma transport
Liver uptake
Conjugation
Biliary excretion
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Cholestatic Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Noncholestatic Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor's syndrome
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Hemolysis
Gilbert syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Primary shunt hyperbilirubinemia
Portal Hypertension
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Systemic Abnormalities in Liver Disease
Circulatory Abnormalities
Endocrine Abnormalities
Hematologic Abnormalities
Renal and Electrolyte Abnormalities
The Asymptomatic Patient With Abnormal Laboratory Test Results
Drugs and the Liver
Introduction
Effects of Liver Disease on Drug Metabolism
Liver Damage Caused by Drugs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hepatocellular Necrosis
Direct toxicity
Idiosyncrasy
Cholestasis
Miscellaneous Acute Reactions
Chronic Liver Disease
Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
Introduction
Cirrhosis
Pathophysiology
Complications
Histopathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
General approach
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic imaging
Identification of the cause
Liver biopsy
Monitoring
Prognosis
Treatment
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Fibrosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Introduction
Acalculous Biliary Pain
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
AIDS Cholangiopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cholecystitis
Acute Cholecystitis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Diagnosis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Treatment
Chronic Cholecystitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cholelithiasis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Surgery
Stone dissolution
Sclerosing Cholangitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumors of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hepatitis
Introduction
Acute Viral Hepatitis
Etiology and Epidemiology
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
Symptoms and Signs
General
Virus-specific
Diagnosis
Initial diagnosis
Serology
Biopsy
Treatment
Prevention
HAV
HBV
HDV, HCV, and HEV
Fulminant Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis
Etiology and Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Autoimmune hepatitis
HBV
HCV
Liver Masses and Granulomas
Introduction
Benign Liver Tumors
Hepatocellular adenoma
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Hemangiomas
Other benign tumors
Hepatic Cysts
Hepatic Granulomas
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Metastatic Liver Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hematologic Cancers and the Liver
Primary Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Staging
Screening
Treatment
Prevention
Other Primary Liver Cancers
Fibrolamellar carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma
Angiosarcoma
Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Introduction
Imaging Tests
Ultrasound
CT
Cholescintigraphy
Radionuclide liver scanning
Oral cholecystography
Plain x‑ray of the abdomen
MRI
ERCP
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Operative cholangiography
Laboratory Tests
Tests for Liver Injury
Aminotransferases
Lactate dehydrogenase
Tests for Cholestasis
Bilirubin
Alkaline phosphatase
