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ALERT: U.S. Boxed Warning
The FDA-approved labeling includes a boxed warning. See Warnings/Precautions section for a concise summary of this information. For verbatim wording of the boxed warning, consult the product labeling or www.fda.gov.
Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:
CISplatin may be confused with CARBOplatin, oxaliplatin
High alert medication: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication among its list of drugs which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error.
Doses >100 mg/m2 once every 3-4 weeks are rarely used and should be verified with the prescriber.
Pronunciation
(SIS pla tin)
Index Terms
Generic Available
Yes
Pharmacologic Category
Pharmacologic Category Synonyms
Use: Labeled Indications
Treatment of bladder, testicular, and ovarian cancer
Use: Unlabeled/Investigational
Treatment of head and neck, breast, gastric, lung, esophageal, cervical, prostate, and small cell lung cancer; Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; neuroblastoma; sarcomas, myeloma, melanoma, mesothelioma, and osteosarcoma
Pregnancy Risk Factor
D
Pregnancy Considerations
Animal studies have demonstrated teratogenicity and embryotoxicity. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid pregnancy. If used in pregnancy, or if patient becomes pregnant during treatment, the patient should be apprised of potential hazard to the fetus.
Lactation
Enters breast milk/contraindicated
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to cisplatin, other platinum-containing compounds, or any component of the formulation (anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported); pre-existing renal insufficiency; myelosuppression; hearing impairment; pregnancy
Warnings/Precautions
Boxed warnings:
• Anaphylaxis: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
• Experienced physician: See “Other warnings/precautions” below.
• Medication safety (usual maximum dose per cycle): See “Other warnings/precautions” below.
• Ototoxicity: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
• Renal toxicity: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
Special handling:
• Hazardous agent: Use appropriate precautions for handling and disposal.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anaphylaxis: [U.S. Boxed Warnings]: Anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported; may be managed with epinephrine, corticosteroids, and/or antihistamines.
• Dose-related toxicities: Myelosuppression, nausea, and vomiting are dose-related toxicities with use.
• Neuropathy: Severe and possibly irreversible neuropathies may occur with higher than recommended doses or more frequent regimen.
• Ototoxicity: [U.S. Boxed Warnings]: Ototoxicity, especially pronounced in children, is manifested by tinnitus or loss of high frequency hearing and occasionally, deafness.
• Renal toxicity: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Cumulative renal toxicity may be severe.
Disease-related concerns:
• Renal impairment: Reduce dosage in renal impairment.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
• Taxane derivatives: When administered as sequential infusions, taxane derivatives (docetaxel, paclitaxel) should be administered before platinum derivatives (carboplatin, cisplatin).
Special populations:
• Elderly: Select dose cautiously and monitor closely in the elderly; may be more susceptible to nephrotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Medication safety (usual maximum dose per cycle): [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Doses >100 mg/m2 once every 3-4 weeks are rarely used and should be verified with the prescriber.
• Experienced physician: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Should be administered under the supervision of an experienced cancer chemotherapy physician.
• Hydration: Patients should receive adequate hydration, with or without diuretics, prior to and for 24 hours after administration; serum electrolytes, particularly magnesium and potassium, should be monitored and replaced as needed during and after therapy.
Adverse Reactions
>10%:
Central nervous system: Neurotoxicity: Peripheral neuropathy is dose- and duration-dependent.
Dermatologic: Mild alopecia
Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (76% to 100%)
Hematologic: Myelosuppression (25% to 30%; mild with moderate doses, mild-to-moderate with high-dose therapy)
WBC: Mild
Platelets: Mild
Onset: 10 days
Nadir: 14-23 days
Recovery: 21-39 days
Hepatic: Liver enzymes increased
Renal: Nephrotoxicity (acute renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency)
Otic: Ototoxicity (10% to 30%; manifested as high frequency hearing loss; ototoxicity is especially pronounced in children)
1% to 10%:
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea
Local: Tissue irritation
<1%: Anaphylactic reaction, arrhythmias, blurred vision, bradycardia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, mild alopecia, mouth sores, optic neuritis, orthostatic hypotension, papilledema, phlebitis, SIADH, thrombophlebitis
Drug Interactions
Aminoglycosides: CISplatin may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Aminoglycosides. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Echinacea: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Immunosuppressants. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Leflunomide: Immunosuppressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Leflunomide. Specifically, the risk for hematologic toxicity such as pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, and/or thrombocytopenia may be increased. Management: Consider not using a leflunomide loading dose in patients receiving other immunosuppressants. Patients receiving both leflunomide and another immunosuppressant should be monitored for bone marrow suppression at least monthly. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Natalizumab: Immunosuppressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Natalizumab. Specifically, the risk of concurrent infection may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination
Taxane Derivatives: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Taxane Derivatives. Administer Taxane derivative before Platinum derivative when given as sequential infusions to limit toxicity. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Topotecan: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topotecan. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Trastuzumab: May enhance the neutropenic effect of Immunosuppressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vaccines (Inactivated): Immunosuppressants may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vaccines (Live): Immunosuppressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vaccines (Live). Vaccinial infections may develop. Immunosuppressants may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Live). Risk X: Avoid combination
Vinorelbine: CISplatin may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vinorelbine. Specifically, the combination may be associated with a higher risk of granulocytopenia. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ethanol/Nutrition/Herb Interactions
Herb/Nutraceutical: Avoid black cohosh, dong quai in estrogen-dependent tumors.
Storage
Store intact vials at room temperature 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Protect from light. Do not refrigerate solution as a precipitate may form. Further dilution stability is dependent on the chloride ion concentration and should be mixed in solutions of NS (at least 0.3% NaCl). After initial entry into the vial, solution is stable for 28 days protected from light or for at least 7 days under fluorescent room light at room temperature.
Further dilutions in NS, D5/0.45% NaCl or D5/NS to a concentration of 0.05-2 mg/mL are stable for 72 hours at 4°C to 25°C. The infusion solution should have a final sodium chloride concentration ?0.2%.
Reconstitution
The infusion solution should have a final sodium chloride concentration ?0.2%.
Compatibility
Stable in D51/4NS, D51/2NS, D5NS, 1/4NS, 1/3NS, 1/2NS, NS; incompatible with sodium bicarbonate; variable stability (consult detailed reference) in D5W.
Y-site administration: Compatible: Allopurinol, aztreonam, bleomycin, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, diphenhydramine, doxorubicin, doxorubicin liposome, droperidol, etoposide phosphate, famotidine, filgrastim, fludarabine, fluorouracil, furosemide, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine, granisetron, heparin, hydromorphone, leucovorin, linezolid, lorazepam, melphalan, methotrexate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, metoclopramide, mitomycin, morphine, ondansetron, paclitaxel, prochlorperazine edisylate, promethazine, propofol, ranitidine, sargramostim, teniposide, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine. Incompatible: Amifostine, amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, thiotepa.
Compatibility in syringe: Compatible: Bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, doxapram, doxorubicin, droperidol, fluorouracil, furosemide, heparin, leucovorin, methotrexate, metoclopramide, mitomycin, vinblastine, vincristine.
Compatibility when admixed: Compatible: Carboplatin, cyclophosphamide with etoposide, etoposide, etoposide with floxuridine, floxuridine, floxuridine with leucovorin, hydroxyzine, ifosfamide, ifosfamide with etoposide, leucovorin, magnesium sulfate, mannitol, ondansetron. Incompatible: Fluorouracil, mesna, thiotepa. Variable (consult detailed reference): Etoposide with mannitol and potassium chloride, paclitaxel.
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits DNA synthesis by the formation of DNA cross-links; denatures the double helix; covalently binds to DNA bases and disrupts DNA function; may also bind to proteins; the cis-isomer is 14 times more cytotoxic than the trans-isomer; both forms cross-link DNA but cis-platinum is less easily recognized by cell enzymes and, therefore, not repaired. Cisplatin can also bind two adjacent guanines on the same strand of DNA producing intrastrand cross-linking and breakage.
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Distribution: I.V.: Rapidly into tissue; high concentrations in kidneys, liver, ovaries, uterus, and lungs
Protein binding: >90%
Metabolism: Nonenzymatic; inactivated (in both cell and bloodstream) by sulfhydryl groups; covalently binds to glutathione and thiosulfate
Half-life elimination: Initial: 20-30 minutes; Beta: 60 minutes; Terminal: ~24 hours; Secondary half-life: 44-73 hours
Excretion: Urine (>90%); feces (10%)
Dosage
Refer to individual protocols. VERIFY ANY CISPLATIN DOSE EXCEEDING 100 mg/m2 PER COURSE.
Children (unlabeled uses):
Intermittent dosing schedule: 37-75 mg/m2 once every 2-3 weeks or 50-100 mg/m2 over 4-6 hours, once every 21-28 days
Daily dosing schedule: 15-20 mg/m2/day for 5 days every 3-4 weeks
Osteogenic sarcoma or neuroblastoma: 60-100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3-4 weeks
Recurrent brain tumors: 60 mg/m2 once daily for 2 consecutive days every 3-4 weeks
Bone marrow/blood cell transfusion: Continuous Infusion: High dose: 55 mg/m2/day for 72 hours; total dose = 165 mg/m2
Adults:
Advanced bladder cancer: 50-70 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks
Head and neck cancer (unlabeled use): 100-120 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks
Malignant pleural mesothelioma in combination with pemetrexed: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 of each 21-day cycle; see Pemetrexed monograph for additional details
Metastatic ovarian cancer: 75-100 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks
Intraperitoneal: Cisplatin has been administered intraperitoneal with systemic sodium thiosulfate for ovarian cancer; doses up to 90-270 mg/m2 have been administered and retained for 4 hours before draining
Testicular cancer: 10-20 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated every 3-4 weeks
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Note: The manufacturer(s) recommend that repeat courses of cisplatin should not be given until serum creatinine is <1.5 mg/dL and/or BUN is <25 mg/dL. The FDA-approved labeling does not contain renal dosing adjustment guidelines. The following guidelines have been used by some clinicians:
Aronoff, 2007:
Clcr 10-50 mL/minute: Administer 75% of dose
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer 50% of dose
Hemodialysis: Partially cleared by hemodialysis
Administer 50% of dose posthemodialysis
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): Administer 50% of dose
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): Administer 75% of dose
Kintzel, 1995:
Clcr 46-60 mL/minute: Administer 75% of dose
Clcr 31-45 mL/minute: Administer 50% of dose
Clcr <30 mL/minute: Consider use of alternative drug
Dosage: Combination Regimens
Adenocarcinoma, unknown primary: EP (Adenocarcinoma)
Biliary adenocarcinoma: Gemcitabine-Cisplatin (Biliary Cancer)
Bladder cancer:
CAP
CISCA
Cisplatin-Docetaxel
Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Bladder Cancer)
CMV
Gemcitabine-Cisplatin (Bladder Cancer)
M-VAC (Bladder Cancer)
Brain tumors:
8 in 1 (Brain Tumors)
CDDP/VP-16
COPE
Breast Cancer:
Docetaxel-Trastuzumab-Cisplatin
MVAC (Breast Cancer)
Cervical cancer:
BIP
Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Cervical Cancer)
Cisplatin-Vinorelbine
Gemcitabine-Cisplatin
MVAC (Cervical Cancer)
Paclitaxel-Cisplatin (Cervical Cancer)
Topotecan-Cisplatin
Colorectal cancer: PFL (Colorectal Cancer)
Endometrial cancer:
AP
MVAC (Endometrial Cancer)
Esophageal cancer:
Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Esophageal Cancer)
Docetaxel-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Gastric/Esophageal Cancer)
Epirubicin-Cisplatin-Capecitabine (Esophageal Cancer)
Epirubicin-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Gastric/Esophageal Cancer)
Irinotecan-Cisplatin (Esophageal Cancer)
Paclitaxel-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Esophageal Cancer)
TIP
Gastric cancer:
Docetaxel-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Gastric/Esophageal Cancer)
EAP
EFP
Epirubicin-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Gastric/Esophageal Cancer)
FAP
FUP
Gestational trophoblastic tumor: EP/EMA
Head and neck cancer:
CABO
Cetuximab-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil
Cisplatin-Cetuximab
Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Head and Neck Cancer)
Docetaxel-Cisplatin-Fluorouracil (Head and Neck Cancer)
MVAC (Head and Neck Cancer)
PFL (Head and Neck Cancer)
PFL + IFN
TIP
Hepatoblastoma:
IPA
PA-CI
Lung cancer (nonsmall cell):
Bevacizumab-Cisplatin-Gemcitabine
Cetuximab-Cisplatin-Vinorelbine
Cisplatin-Etoposide (NSCLC)
Cisplatin-Vinblastine (NSCLC)
Docetaxel-Cisplatin
EP (NSCLC)
EP/PE
Gemcitabine-Cisplatin (NSCLC)
PC (NSCLC)
Pemetrexed-Cisplatin (NSCLC)
Vinorelbine-Cisplatin
Lung cancer (small cell):
Cisplatin-Irinotecan (Small Cell Lung Cancer)
EP (Small Cell Lung Cancer)
Topotecan (Oral)-Cisplatin
VIP (Small Cell Lung Cancer)
VP (Small Cell Lung Cancer)
Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's:
Cisplatin-Cytarabine-Dexamethasone (NHL Regimen)
ESHAP
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: Cisplatin-Pemetrexed (Mesothelioma)
Melanoma:
CCDT (Melanoma)
Cisplatin-Dacarbazine-Carmustine (Melanoma)
Cisplatin-Dacarbazine-Interferon Alfa-2b-Aldesleukin
Cisplatin-Vinblastine-Dacarbazine (Melanoma)
CVD-Interleukin-Interferon (Melanoma)
Dartmouth Regimen
Multiple myeloma: DTPACE
Neuroblastoma:
CAV-P/VP
CCDDT (Neuroblastoma)
CCT (Neuroblastoma)
HIPE-IVAD
N6 Protocol
OPEC
OPEC-D
PE-CAdO
Regimen A1
Regimen A2
Osteosarcoma:
MTX-CDDPAdr
POG-8651
Ovarian cancer:
BEP (Ovarian Cancer)
BEP (Ovarian Cancer, Testicular Cancer)
Cisplatin-Paclitaxel (Intraperitoneal Regimen)
Cisplatin-Paclitaxel (Ovarian Cancer)
CP (Ovarian Cancer)
PAC (CAP)
Retinoblastoma:
8 in 1 (Retinoblastoma)
CCCDE (Retinoblastoma)
Testicular cancer:
BEP (Ovarian Cancer, Testicular Cancer)
BEP (Testicular Cancer)
EP (Testicular Cancer)
Paclitaxel-Ifosfamide-Cisplatin
PVB
VBP
VIP (Etoposide) (Testicular Cancer)
VIP (Vinblastine) (Testicular Cancer)
Administration: I.V.
Irritant. Perform pretreatment hydration (see Dosage).
I.V.: Rate of administration has varied from a 15- to 120-minute infusion, 1 mg/minute infusion, 6- to 8-hour infusion, 24-hour infusion, or per protocol. Maximum rate of infusion: 1 mg/minute in patients with CHF.
Administration: I.V. Detail
pH: 3.5-5.5 (reconstituted solution); 3.7-6.0 (aqueous injection)
Monitoring Parameters
Renal function (serum creatinine, BUN, Clcr); electrolytes (particularly magnesium, calcium, potassium) before and within 48 hours after cisplatin therapy; audiography (baseline and prior to each subsequent dose), neurologic exam (with high dose); liver function tests periodically, CBC with differential and platelet count; urine output, urinalysis
Dietary Considerations
Sodium content: 9 mg/mL (equivalent to 0.9% sodium chloride solution)
Patient Education
Do not take any new medication during therapy unless approved by prescriber. This medication can only be administered by I.V. and numerous side-effects can occur. Report immediately any burning, pain, itching, or redness at infusion site. It is important that you maintain adequate hydration unless instructed to restrict fluid intake, and adequate nutrition (small, frequent meals may help). May cause severe nausea or vomiting that can be delayed for up to 48 hours after infusion and last for 1 week (consult prescriber for appropriate antiemetic medication); mouth sores (use soft toothbrush or cotton swabs for mouth care); or loss of hair (reversible). You will be susceptible to infection (avoid crowds and exposure to infection and do not have any vaccinations without consulting prescriber). Report promptly any pain, tingling, loss of sensation or cramping in extremities; change in hearing; difficulty breathing or swallowing; fever or chills; unusual fatigue; unusual bruising/bleeding; or any other unusual symptoms. Pregnancy/breast-feeding precautions: Inform prescriber if you are pregnant. Do not get pregnant during therapy. Consult prescriber for instruction on appropriate contraceptive measures. This drug may cause severe fetal defects. Consult prescriber if breast-feeding.
Anesthesia and Critical Care Concerns/Other Considerations
Nephrotoxicity: Related to elimination, protein binding, and uptake of cisplatin. Two types of nephrotoxicity: Acute renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency.
Acute renal failure and azotemia is a dose-dependent process and can be minimized with proper administration and prophylaxis. Damage to the proximal tubules by unbound cisplatin is suspected to cause the toxicity. It is manifested as increased BUN/creatinine, oliguria, protein wasting, and potassium, calcium, and magnesium wasting.
Chronic renal dysfunction can develop in patients receiving multiple courses of cisplatin. Slow release of tissue-bound cisplatin may contribute to chronic nephrotoxicity. Manifestations of this toxicity are varied, and can include sodium and water wasting, nephropathy, hyperuricemia, decreased Clcr, and magnesium wasting.
Recommendations for minimizing nephrotoxicity include:
Prepare cisplatin in saline-containing vehicles.
Infuse dose over 24 hours.
Vigorously hydrate patient (125-150 mL/hour) before, during, and after cisplatin administration.
Simultaneously administer either mannitol or furosemide.
Pretreat with amifostine.
Avoid other nephrotoxic agents (aminoglycosides, amphotericin, etc).
Neurotoxicity: Peripheral neuropathy is dose- and duration-dependent. The mechanism is through axonal degeneration with subsequent damage to the long sensory nerves. Toxicity can first be noted at cumulative doses of 200 mg/m2, with measurable toxicity at cumulative doses >350 mg/m2. This process is irreversible and progressive with continued therapy.
Anaphylactic Reaction: Occurs within minutes after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration; can be controlled with epinephrine, antihistamines, and steroids.
Dental Health: Effects on Dental Treatment
No significant effects or complications reported
Dental Health: Vasoconstrictor/Local Anesthetic Precautions
No information available to require special precautions
Mental Health: Effects on Mental Status
None reported
Mental Health: Effects on Psychiatric Treatment
May cause myelosuppression; use caution with clozapine and carbamazepine
Nursing: Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Assess other pharmacological or herbal products patient may be taking for potential interactions (especially anything that is ototoxic or nephrotoxic). Patient should be vigorously hydrated prior to and for 24 hours following infusion. Cisplatin is highly emetogenic; antiemetic should be administered prior to each treatment and as needed between infusions. Infusion site must be monitored closely to reduce potential for extravasation. Assess results of laboratory tests and auditory status prior to each treatment and regularly during therapy. Patient response should be closely monitored during and following therapy (eg, acute or chronic renal failure; peripheral neuropathy and ototoxicity, may be irreversible). Teach patient (or caregiver) possible side effects/appropriate interventions (eg, importance of adequate hydration) and adverse symptoms to report.
Oncology: Emetic Potential
High (>90%)
Oncology: Vesicant
No
Oncology: Bone Marrow - High Dose
Continuous I.V.: 55 mg/m2/24 hours for 72 hours; total dose: 165 mg/m2; generally combined with other high-dose chemotherapy
Oncology: Bone Marrow - Unique Toxicity
Central nervous system: Autonomic neuropathy, ototoxicity
Gastrointestinal: Highly emetogenic
Hematologic: Myelosuppression
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Peripheral neuropathy
Ocular: Optic neuropathy, retinal vascular occlusion and myelopathy (concurrent administration of high-dose carmustine)
Renal: Acute renal failure, serum creatinine increased, azotemia
Miscellaneous: Transient pain at tumor, transient autoimmune disorders
Dosage Forms
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Injection, solution [preservative free]: 1 mg/mL (50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL)
References
Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al, Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2007, p 97, 170.
Bowman A, et al, 'Effect of Adding Glutathione to Cisplatin in the Treatment of Stage I-IV Ovarian Cancer," Br J Cancer, 1995, 71(Suppl XXIV):14
Costello MA, Dominick C, and Clerico A, “A Pilot Study of 5-Day Continuous Infusion of High-Dose Cisplatin and Pulsed Etoposide in Childhood Solid Tumors,” Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1988, 10:103-8.
el Weshi A, Thieblemont C, Cottin V, et al, “Cisplatin-Induced Hyponatremia and Renal Sodium Wasting,” Acta Oncol, 1995, 34(2):264-5.
Farris FF, Dedrick RL, and King FG, "Cisplatin Pharmacokinetics: Applications of a Physiological Model," Toxicol Lett, 1988, 43(1-3):117-37.
Go RS and Adjei AA, "Review of the Comparative Pharmacology and Clinical Activity of Cisplatin and Carboplatin," J Clin Oncol, 1999, 17(1):409-22.
Haupt R, Perin G, Dallorso S, et al, “Very High-Dose Cis-Platinum (450 mg/sq m) in an Infant With Rhabdomyosarcoma,” Anticancer Res, 1989, 9(2):427-8.
Hebert ME, Blivin JL, Kessler J, et al, “Anaphylactoid Reactions With Intraperitoneal Cisplatin,” Ann Pharmacother, 1995, 29(3):260-3.
Higa GM, Wise TC, and Crowell EB, “Severe, Disabling Neurologic Toxicity Following Cisplatin Retreatment,” Ann Pharmacother, 1995, 29(2):134-7.
Howell SB, Pfeifle CL, Wung WE, et al, “Intraperitoneal Cisplatin With Systemic Thiosulfate Protection,” Ann Intern Med, 1982, 97(6):845-51.
Kintzel PE and Dorr RT, "Anticancer Drug Renal Toxicity and Elimination: Dosing Guidelines for Altered Renal Function," Cancer Treat Rev, 1995, 21(1):33-64.
Loehrer PJ and Einhorn LH, "Drugs Five Years Later. Cisplatin," Ann Intern Med, 1984, 100(5):704-13.
Long DF and Repta AJ, "Cisplatin: Chemistry, Distribution and Biotransformation," Biopharm Drug Dispos, 1981, 2(1):1-16.
Prestayko AW, D'Aoust JC, Issell BF, et al, "Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II)," Cancer Treat Rev, 1979, 6(1):17-39.
Reece PA, Stafford I, Abbott RL, et al, “Two- Versus 24-Hour Infusion of Cisplatin: Pharmacokinetic Considerations,” J Clin Oncol, 1989, 7(2):270-5.
Reed E, "Cisplatin," Cancer Chemother Biol Response Modif, 1999, 18:144-51.
Rothmann SA and Weick JK, “Cisplatin Toxicity for Erythroid Precursors,” N Engl J Med, 1981, 304(6):360.
Schilsky RL and Anderson T, “Hypomagnesemia and Renal Magnesium Wasting in Patients Receiving Cisplatin,” Ann Intern Med, 1979, 90(6):929-31.
Schuchter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, et al, "2002 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Protectants: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology," J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(12):2895-903.
Shlebak AA, Clark PI, and Green JA, “Hypersensitivity and Cross-Reactivity to Cisplatin and Analogues,” Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 1995, 35(4):349-51.
Siddik ZH, "Cisplatin: Mode of Cytotoxic Action and Molecular Basis of Resistance," Oncogene, 2003, 22(47):7265-79.
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International Brand Names
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Last full review/revision July 2009
Content last modified July 2009
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